Presentations

Date Title Conference Author Sort descending
2014 Refining learning maps with data fitting techniques: Searching for better fitting learning maps International Conference on Educational Data Mining, London, UK Adjei, S., Selent, D., Heffernan, N., Pardos, Z., Broaddus, A. & Kingston, N. M.
2016 Equity in Science Education for SWSCD Through Alternate Content Standards (pdf) National Association for Research in Science Teaching annual meeting, Baltimore, MD Andersen, L., Bechard, S., & Merriweather, K.
2016 Implications of New Science Frameworks for Alternate Standards, Instruction, and Assessment (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, St. Louis, MO Andersen, L., Bechard, S., & Ruther, L.
2017 The Incorporation of Math and Science Practices in Assessment & Instructional Planning (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, Madison, WI Andersen, L., Lawrence, A., & Ruhter, L.,
2019 Science Instructional Time and the Relationship with Science Achievement for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Andersen, L. & Nash, B. L.
2013 Leveling the Playing Field Begins with Access to the Common Core Standards for Students The National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics Annual Conference, Denver, CO Baker, S., Whetstone, P. J., & Judd, K.
2013 Transforming and Monitoring Instruction: Access to Quality Instruction for all Students in K-5 Math The National Title I Conference, Nashville, TN Baker, S., Whetstone, P. J., Judd, K., & Bratcher, K.
2016 Successes and Challenges in Using Learning Maps as Instructional Tools Mathematics Teacher Educators Conference, Irvine, CA Broaddus, A.
2016 Examining Teachers' Learning as They Use Learning Maps to Study Mathematics National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Research Conference, San Francisco, CA Broaddus, A.
2011 Dynamic Learning Maps Alternate Assessment Consortium – Implications for Educators in Kansas Strategies for Educational Improvement: Organizing Schools for Success Conference, Lawrence, KS Broaddus, A., & Adams, L.
2014 Validation of a Mathematics Learning Map using Bayesian Network Analysis National Council on Measurement in Education annual meeting, Philadelphia, PA Broaddus, A., Conrad, Z., Esen, A., & Pardos, Z.
2014 Learning Maps: Tools for Formative Assessment Practice National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA Broaddus, A., Conrad, Z., Esen, A., & Shaftel, J.
2012 Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment: Informing Responses and Interventions (pdf) National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and Council for Exceptional Children Substantive Collaborative Meeting, Reston, VA Broaddus, A. & Shaftel, J.
2014 Learning Maps: Tools for Formative Assessment Practice (pdf) National Conference on Student Assessment annual meeting, New Orleans, LA Broaddus, A., Shaftel, J., Sharma, A., & Conrad, Z.
2015 Alternate Assessment for Students who are Blind or Visually Impaired Council for Exceptional Children, San Diego, CA Broaddus, A., Swinburne Romine, R., Lawrence, A., & Shipman, M.
2015 Validation of Decision Tree Algorithm for Initialization into Dynamic Assessment (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL Chen, F. & Clark, A. K.
2015 Analysis of Learning Map Structure for a Dynamic Assessment Poster (pdf) American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL Chen, F., Clark, A. K., & Swinburne Romine, R.
2015 Analysis of Learning Map Structure for a Dynamic Assessment (pdf) American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL Chen, F., Clark, A. K., & Swinburne Romine, R.
2015 Psychometrics in a Learning Maps Environment: Item Analysis (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL Clark, A. K.
2022 Validation of Dynamic Learning Maps Instructionally Embedded Assessments (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Virtual Clark, A. K.
2018 What Do We Know About Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities Who Are English Learners? (pdf) National Conference on Student Assessment, San Diego, CA Clark, A K., Gholson, M., Christmus, J., & Winter, P.
2020 Constructing a Validity Argument for Large-Scale Instructionally Embedded Assessments National Council on Measurement in Education, Online Repository Clark, A. K. & Karvonen, M.
2016 Alternate Assessment Score Report Interpretation and Use: Implications for Instructional Planning (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Washington, DC Clark. A. K., Karvonen, M., & Kingston, N. M.
2015 Designing Alternate Assessment Score Reports that Maximize Instructional impact (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL Clark, A. K., Karvonen, M., Kingston, N. M., Anderson, G., & Wells-Moreaux, S.
2018 Teacher Use of Score Reports for Instructional Decision-Making (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, New York, NY Clark, A. K., Karvonen, M., Swinburne Romine, R., & Kingston, N. M.
2017 Exploring Teacher Choice When Using an Instructionally Embedded Alternate Assessment System (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, San Antonio, TX Clark, A. K., Karvonen, M., Swinburne Romine, R., & Nash, B. L.
2018 Characteristics and Performance of Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities Who May Be English Learners (pdf) American Educational Research Association, New York, NY Clark, A. K., Karvonen, M., Wells-Moreaux, S., & Erickson, K.
2019 Diagnostic Assessment Results: Instructional Uses and Potential Pitfalls (pdf) American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Clark, A. K. & Kingston, N. M.
2023 Promises and Challenges in Teacher Implementation of Instructionally Embedded Assessments (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL Clark, A. K., Kobrin, J. L., Mulvihill, M.M., & Hirt, A
2022 Visualizing Validity Evidence: Considering Strength of Evidence Following Disrupted Administration (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA Clark, A. K., Mulvihill, M., Kobrin, J. L., & Thompson, W. J.
2012 Maximizing the Data We Have to Inform and Improve Practice and Policy Kansas City Area Education Research Consortium Conference, Kansas City, MO Ehlert, M., Kramer, L. M. B., Sheinker, A., Wittmann, T., Holder, K., Meyer, S., & Clay, D.
2014 The Role of AT/AAC in the Next Generation Assessment (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, Philadelphia, PA Erickson, K. & DeBarthe, G.
2013 An Argument Based Approach to the Reliability of the First Contact Survey (pdf) American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA Ferster, A., Shaftel, J., Sheinker, A., Shin, S., & Whetstone, P. J.
2014 Academic Profiles of AA-AAS Participating Students (pdf) American Educational Research Association annual meeting, Philadelphia, PA Ferster, A., Zhao, F., & Clark, A. K.
2024 Understanding Parents’ Interpretation and Use of Individual Student Score Reports (pdf) National Council of Measurement in Education, Philadelphia, PA Gane, B. D., Clark, A. K., & Adkins, D.
2012 Alternate Pathways: An Overview of Atypical Language Development in Students with Disabilities (pdf) University of Kansas Professionals for Disability and School of Education Graduate Student Research Conference, Lawrence, KS Grewing, S., & Peterson, S.M.
2013 Developing Test Items to Assess Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities in the Alternate Assessment American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA Gross, J. & Shipman, M.
2012 Assessments for the Common Core: Development and Implementation IDEA Partnership meeting, Washington, DC Hock, M., Muldoon, L., Quenemoen, R. Q., Sheinker, A., & Wilmes, C.
2022 Development and Evaluation of a Composite Item Fit Statistic for Diagnostic Classification Models (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA Hoover, J. C., Kobrin, J. L., Thompson, W. J., & Wang, W.
2022 Modifying the M2 Statistic to Handle Missing Data (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA Hoover, J. C. & Thompson, W. J.
2023 Evaluating the Performance of Person-Fit Detection Methods in Diagnostic Classification (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL Hoover, J. C., & Thompson, W. J.
2020 Diagnostic Assessment: DIF Detection from Binary and Aggregate Mastery Classifications National Council on Measurement in Education, Online Repository Hoover, J. C., Thompson, W. J., Clark, A. K., & Nash, B. L.
2019 Using Alternate Assessment Results to Measure Student Progress (pdf) Using Alternate Assessment Results to Measure Student Progress Karvonen, M.
2019 Dynamic Learning Maps® First Contact Survey and Its Uses (pdf) State Collaborative on Assessment and Student Standards, Orlando, FL Karvonen, M.
2013 Dynamic Learning Maps® (DLM) and Accessibility Kansas State Department of Education annual conference, Wichita, KS Karvonen, M., Broaddus, A., & Ruhter, L.
2014 Learning Maps: Tools for Formative Assessment Practice Kansas State Department of Education annual conference, Wichita, KS Karvonen, M., Broaddus, A., & Ruhter, L.
2022 Lessons Learned from Dynamic Learning Maps Alternate Assessment System (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA Karvonen, M. & Clark, A. K.
2014 Computer-Based Testing for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities: Challenges and Opportunities in the Next Generation National Conference on Student Assessment, New Orleans, LA Karvonen, M. & Clark, A. K.
2021 Alternate Academic Achievement Standards to Support Readiness for Postsecondary Opportunities: Expanding Opportunities for Students with Significant Intellectual Disability (pdf) American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Virtual Karvonen, M., Clark, A. K., Kavitsky, E., & Burnes, J. J.
2019 Development and Evaluation of Diagnostic Score Reports for an Alternate Assessment System (pdf) American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Karvonen, M., Clark, A. K., Swinburne Romine, R., & Kingston, N. M.
2019 Measuring College and Career Readiness: How do we know if our Alternate Academic Achievement Standards are Challenging and Aligned? (pdf) National Conference on Student Assessment, Orlando, FL Karvonen, M., Forbes, S., Clark, A. K., Jacobsen, I., Gholson, M., & Weigert, S.
2014 Policies and Practices in Support of the Transition to Next Generation Alternate Assessments Based on Alternate Achievement Standards National Conference on Student Assessment, New Orleans, LA Karvonen, M., Hall, S., Gholson, M., Williams, L., Cagle, G., & Wheeler, T.
2017 Lessons Learned from an Integrated Alternate Assessment Model for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) National Conference on Student Assessment, Austin, TX Karvonen, M., Mayer, T., Winter, P., & Bechard, S.
2016 Validity Evidence to Support Alternate Assessment Score Uses: Fidelity and Response Processes (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Washington. DC Karvonen, M., Swinburne Romine, R., & Clark, A. K.
2017 Promoting Accurate Score Report Interpretation (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education annual meeting, San Antonio, TX Karvonen, M., Swinburne Romine, R., Clark, A. K., Brussow, J., & Kingston, N. M.
2016 Validity Evidence for a Writing Assessment for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education annual meeting, Washington DC Karvonen, M., Swinburne Romine, R., & Shipman, M.
2017 Supporting Instruction for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities Using Online, Instructionally Embedded Assessments NCME Special Conference on Classroom Assessment and Large-Scale Psychometrics, Lawrence, KS Karvonen, M., Swinburne Romine, R., Thatcher, E., Denne, J.,& Shipman, M.
2018 Exploring Teacher Choice When Using an Instructionally Embedded Alternate Assessment System (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children, Tampa, FL Karvonen, M., Wells-Moreaux, S., & Clark, A. K.
2015 Advances in Assessment for Children and Youth with Intellectual Disability American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Annual Meeting, Louisville, KY Karvonen, M., Zeller, M., & Thompson, J. R.
2012 Characteristics of Students Who Participate in These Assessments National Council on Measurement in Education, Vancouver, Canada Kearns, J. & Whetstone, P. J.
2018 Supporting Teacher Use of Score Reports (pdf) 2018 NCME Classroom Assessment Conference, Lawrence, KS Ketterlin Geller, L., Clark, A. K., Duke, D., & Rogers, C.
2014 Turning Theory into Reality: How the Six State Assessment Consortia Plans Changed During Development (and may Change During Implementation) National Conference on Student Assessment, New Orleans, LA Kingston, N. M.
2015 Nature of Standards And Measuring Growth On a Test Based on Diagnostic Classification Modeling (pdf) Symposium at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL Kingston, N. M.
2016 Use of Learning Maps in Assessment Development Testing Conference, Orlando, FL Kingston, N. M., Broaddus, A., Gianopulos, G., & Popovic, Z.
2012 The Future of Alternate Assessment: Preliminary Directions and Findings of the Two Common Core Based Alternate Assessment Consortia National Council on Measurement in Education, Vancouver, Canada Kingston, N. M. & Clark, A. K.
2014 School Readiness: Lessons Learned During DLM Field Testing (pdf) National Conference on Student Assessment, New Orleans, LA Kingston, N. M., Karvonen, M., & Studt, N.
2014 Instructionally Relevant Alternate Assessments for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, Philadelphia, PA Kingston, N. M., Karvonen, M., & Swinburne Romine, R.
2022 Theories of Action for Innovative Assessment Systems: Considerations for Development, Refinement, and Evaluation (pdf) National Conference on Student Assessment, Atlanta, GA Kobrin, J. L. & Clark, A. K.
2023 Instructionally Useful Assessments for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities: Implications from DLM Instructionally Embedded Assessments (pdf) National Conference on Student Assessment, New Orleans, LA Kobrin, J. L., & Clark, A. K.
2022 The Impact of COVID-19 on Education for Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA Kobrin, J. L., Clark, A. K., Beitling, B., & Thompson, W. J.
2022 Developing and Refining a Model for Measuring Implementation Fidelity for an Instructionally Embedded Assessment System (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, San Diego, CA Kobrin, J. L., Karvonen, M., Clark, A. K., & Thompson, W. J.
2021 Developing and Refining a Model for Measuring Implementation Fidelity for an Instructionally Embedded Assessment System (pdf) American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, Virtual Kobrin, J. L., Karvonen, M., Clark, A. K., Thompson, W. J., & Burnes, J. J.
2012 Dynamic Learning Maps – Infrastructure and Hardware Technical Issues in Large Scale Assessment Conference, San Antonio, TX Kramer, L. M. B.
2016 Accessibility Supports and Implications for Educator Decisions (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, St. Louis, MO Lawrence, A., Karvonen, M., & Wells-Moreaux, S.
2014 Understanding Differential Item Functioning with the General Linear Model National Council on Measurement in Education annual meeting, Philadelphia, PA Loughran, J. & Skorupski, W.
2012 The Dynamic Learning Maps® Assessment: Supporting Access to Literacy for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) International Reading Association annual meeting, Chicago, IL Mark, C. A. & Adams, L.
2018 Evaluating the Impact of Multidimensionality on Science Item Performance (pdf) American Educational Research Association, New York, NY Nash, B. L. & Bechard, S.
2017 Impact of Multidimensionality of New Science Standards on Student Performance and Alternate Assessment Development (pdf) National Conference on Student Assessment, Austin, TX Nash, B. L., Bechard, S., Gholson, M., & Bates, S.
2018 Using Simulation to Evaluate Retest Reliability of Assessment Results (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, New York, NY Nash, B. L., Clark, A. K., & Thompson, W. J.
2020 Out With the Old, In With the New: Rethinking How to Design, Administer, and Score Large-Scale Assessment to Improve Teaching and Learning (pdf) Association of Test Publishers, Innovations in Testing, San Diego, CA Nash, B. L., Swinburne Romine, R., & Mayer, T.
2017 Evaluating an Initialization Tool for Student Placement into a Map-Based Assessment (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education annual meeting, San Antonio, TX Nash, B. L. & Thompson, J. R.
2019 Teacher Perspectives on Student Mastery: Implications for Diagnostic Assessment Use and Design (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education Classroom Assessment, Boulder, CO Nehler, C. & Clark, A. K.
2019 Evaluation of Resources to Support Diagnostic Score Report Interpretation (pdf) American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Nehler, C., Clark, A. K., & Burnes, J. J.
2019 Approaches to Instruction and Assessment for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities who are English Learners (pdf) American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Nehler, C., Wells-Moreaux, S., Clark, A. K., Burnes, J. J., & Karvonen, M.
2012 Development of Growth Models for Students Taking an Alternate Assessment on Alternate Academic Achievement Standards (AA-AAS) Collaboration to Promote Self Determination, Washington, DC Quenemoen, R. Q. & Sheinker, A.
2012 Multiple Pathways to Literacy: The Dynamic Learning Maps® Alternate Assessment System (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, Denver, CO Schuster, J. G., Clark, A. K., Mark, C. A., & Shin, S.
2012 Creating the Dynamic Learning Map®: Representing how Concepts Influence Language Development Mental Lexicon conference, Montreal, Canada Schuster, J. G., Clark. A. K., Mark, C. A., & Shin, S.
2021 Developing Effective Writing Instruction for Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children, Learning Interactive Virtual Event Schuster, J. G., Clark, A. K., & Swinburne Romine, R.
2022 Evaluating Text Complexity at Different Writing Development Stages for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA Schuster, J. G., Kobrin, J. L., Clark, A. K., & Swinburne Romine, R.
2019 Writing Instruction and Assessment for Struggling Learners (pdf) American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Schuster, J. G., Swinburne Romine, R., & Clark, A. K.
2011 DLM-AAS: A New Generation Assessment for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) TASH Conference, Atlanta, GA Sheinker, A. & Mark, C. A.
2013 The Alternate Assessment Consortia (DLM & NCSC) for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities: Progress to Date Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, San Antonio, TX Sheinker, A. & Thurlow, M. L.
2013 Online Alternate Assessment: What Are We Learning? The Council for Exceptional Children 2013 Convention & Expo, San Antonio, TX Sheinker, A. & Whetstone, P. J.
2012 Are the "Right" Students Taking the Alternate? What Do We Know? TASH Conference, Long Beach, CA Sheinker, A., Whetstone, P. J., Ferster, A., & Shaftel, J.
2012 Program Chair Invited Session: Next Generation Alternate Assessments for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, Denver, CO Sheinker, A., Whetstone, P. J., & Thurlow, M. L.
2013 Creating Technology Enhanced Items Using the Dynamic Learning Map®: A Process for ELA International Reading Association 58th annual convention, San Antonio, TX Shipman, M., Whetstone, P. J., & Clark, A. K.
2015 Test Development in a Learning Maps Environment International Association for Educational Assessment, Lawrence, KS Swinburne Romine, R., Andersen, L., Nash, B., Shipman, M., Ruhter, R., & Lawrence, A.
2015 Gathering Evidence of Response Processes for Alternate Assessments (AA-AAS) (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL Swinburne Romine, R., Clark, A. K., & Karvonen, M.
2019 Development of Learning Maps as Models of the Content Domain (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Swinburne Romine, R. & Schuster, J. G.
2016 Increasing Text Accessibility for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, St. Louis, MO Swinburne Romine, R. & Schuster, J. G.
2014 Moving Beyond Learning Progressions to Dynamic Learning Maps: A Validation Study (pdf) American Educational Research Association annual meeting, Philadelphia, PA Swinburne Romine, R. & Schuster, J. G.
2016 Instructionally Relevant Large Scale Writing Assessments for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, St. Louis, MO Swinburne Romine, R. & Shipman, M.
2015 Blending Psychometrics with Bayesian Inference Networks: Measuring Hundreds of Latent Variables Simultaneously (pdf) Symposium at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL Templin, J.
2013 Mapping the Way: Using a Learning Map to Analyze Assessment Data and Guide Mathematics Instruction National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics annual conference, Denver, CO Thomas, K.
2012 Learning Maps: A comprehensive Structure for Assessment National Council on Measurement in Education annual meeting, Vancouver, Canada Thomas, K. & Mark, C. A.
2012 Dynamic Learning Maps® Alternate Assessment: Process and Progress (pdf) National Conference on Student Assessment annual meeting, Minneapolis, MN Thomas, K., Mark, C. A., & Crawford, J.
2013 Assessing What Counts The National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics Annual Conference, Denver, CO Thomas, K. & Sheinker, A.
2012 Constructing a Street Level View of the Common Core State Standards: A map for How All Students Learn Mathematics (pdf) National Council for Supervisors of Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA Thomas, K., Sheinker, A., Broaddus, A., & Sood, P.
2012 The Road Less Traveled for Alternate Assessments: Mapping Multiple Learning Pathways (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, Denver, CO Thomas, K., Sheinker, A., & Joannou, J.
2023 A Simulated Retest Method for Estimating Classification Reliability (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL Thompson, W. J., & Clark, A. K.
2021 Technical evidence for diagnostic assessments (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education Annual Meeting, Virtual Thompson, W. J., Clark, A. K., & Nash, B. L.
2019 Empirical Methods for Evaluating Maps: Illustrations and Results (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Thompson, W. J. & Nash, B. L.
2018 Measuring Reliability of Student Mastery Classifications at Multiple Levels (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education, New York, NY Thompson, W. J, Nash, B. L., & Clark, A. K.
2020 Comparing Reliability Methods for Diagnostic Mastery Classifications National Council on Measurement in Education, Online Repository Thompson, W. J., Nash, B. L., & Clark, A. K.
2012 Assessment of Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities: Dynamic Learning Maps® (DLM®) and National Center and State Collaborative (NCSC) (pdf) National Council on Measurement in Education annual meeting, Vancouver, Canada Thurlow, M. L., Sheinker, A., Quenemoen, R. Q., & Kingston, N. M.
2012 The Next Generation in Alternate Assessment (pdf) Council for Exceptional Children annual convention and expo, Denver, CO Tindal, G., Sheinker, A., Thurlow, M. L., & Zigmond, N.
2012 Dynamic Teaching in Sequential Decision Making Environments (pdf) The Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Catalina Island, CA Walsh, T. & Goschin, S.
2013 Comparing Computer Adaptive Testing Item Selection Methods in Skill Networks National Council on Measurement in Education, San Francisco, CA Walsh, T., Zhao, F., & Broaddus, A.
2015 Challenges of College For a Student with Significant Disabilities American Council on Rural Special Education, New Orleans, LA Whetstone, P. J., Clark, A. K., Joannou Lyon, K., & Bladford, J.